Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Example

Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Example Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Amazing Grace Social Work Essay Amazing Grace In the documentary-style book Amazing Grace, Jonathan Kozol writes about the realities of living in Mott Haven, one of the South Bronx poorest neighborhoods. His goal is to inform readers of the realities of children living in a slum and the unfairness of it all. The population of 600,000 live in the South Bronx of New York City and 43,000 make up Washington Heights and Harlem which is separated by a narrow river, make up one of the most racially segregated concentrations of poor people in our Nation. The question why should their childhood be different from thers across the country? often arose and should be examined by all. The facts in Amazing Grace written in 1995 startled me. There are literally hundreds of thousands of people living in broken, crowded, and rundown apartment buildings, That, says Kozol, most people would not even kennel their dogs in. The first fact that Jumped out at me was in 1991 the median income for the area was $7,600 for a family of three or four. The neighborhood is full of rat infested buildings where faulty electrical wiring, bad elevator doors, and broken staircases are a norm. The bsurdity of it all is that if we were to kennel our pets in conditions like that , we would have all kinds of rights activists protesting for being inhumane, yet we house people there to little fan fair or protests. The local hospitals are not much better. Kozol writes of several instances where the elderly have to wait in the halls to be seen. Another health statistic that causes me great alarm is with the percentage of people that have asthma. Individuals suffering from severe cases asthma have reached epidemic proportions. Hospital Admissions have reached six or more for ne thousand people in the South Bronx neighborhood and only 1. 8 per thousand for the rest in statewide New York. In the six chapters and epilogue of Amazing Grace we come to know and care about chaos and ruin. One of the most shocking contradictions is that the neighborhood of Mott Haven is adjacent to the richest congressional district in the nation. Using their own words, Kozol follows people like David Washington, who cares for his AIDS carrying mother and numerous of other Mott Haven Residence whose stories of drug addiction, prostitution, poverty, AIDS, Drug addicted born babys that need to be etoxed before they leave the hospital, one case of a man that was born in prison and now finds out that he will die in prison. While reading this book I kept thinking back to the Jim Crow Laws of the south with racial segregation. One teacher stated that she has taught at a local Mott Haven school for 20 years and has never taught a Caucasian student. Kozol points out that there is such disproportionate spending between the schools of the South Bronx which are mainly Hispanic or African American to an adjacent congressional district that is the most influential in the Nation and are mainly Caucasian.

The 2 Main Forms of Energy

The 2 Main Forms of Energy Although there are several types of energy, scientists can group them into two main categories: kinetic energy and potential energy. Here is a look at the forms of energy, with examples of each type. Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Atoms and their components are in motion, so all matter possesses kinetic energy. On a larger scale, any object in motion has kinetic energy. A common formula for kinetic energy is for a moving mass: KE 1/2 mv2 KE is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity. A typical unit for kinetic energy is the joule. Potential Energy Potential energy is energy that matter gains from its arrangement or position. The object has the potential to do work. Examples of potential energy include a sled at the top of a hill or a pendulum at the top of its swing. One of the most common equations for potential energy can be used to determine the energy of an object with respect to its height above a base: E mgh PE is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height. A common unit of potential energy is the joule (J). Because potential energy reflects the position of an object, it can have a negative sign. Whether it is positive or negative depends on whether work is done by the system or on the system. Other Types of Energy While classical mechanics classifies all energy as either kinetic or potential, there are other forms of energy. Other forms of energy include: gravitational energy - the energy resulting from the attraction of two masses to each other.electric energy - energy from a static or moving electrical charge.magnetic energy - energy from the attraction of opposite magnetic fields, repulsion of like fields, or from an associated electric field.nuclear energy - energy from the strong force that bonds protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.thermal energy - also called heat, this is energy that can be measured as temperature. It reflects the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules.chemical energy - energy contained in chemical bonds between atoms and molecule.mechanical energy - the sum of the kinetic and potential energy.radiant energy - energy from electromagnetic radiation, including visible light and x-rays (for example). Â  An object may possess both kinetic and potential energy. For example, a car driving down a mountain has kinetic energy from its movement and potential energy from its position relative to sea level. Energy can change from one form into others. For example, a lightning strike can convert electrical energy into light energy, thermal energy, and sound energy. Conservation of Energy While energy can change forms, it is conserved. In other words, the total energy of a system is a constant value. This is often written in terms of kinetic (KE) and potential energy (PE): KE PE Constant A swinging pendulum is an excellent example. As a pendulum swings, it has maximum potential energy at the top of the arc, yet zero kinetic energy. At the bottom of the arc, it has no potential energy, yet maximum kinetic energy.

CASE PROBLEM 2 OFFICE EQIPMENT , INC Speech or Presentation

CASE PROBLEM 2 OFFICE EQIPMENT , INC - Speech or Presentation Example In view of the waiting line model, OEI can predict the customer waiting time by adding the total time that is expected to be spent on each client including travelling time and service time. Basically, if it takes one hour for the technician to travel to a customer and one and half hours to fix a problem, then it would mean that he would need another hour to travel to the next customer assuming that they are within a similar distance according to the waiting line model. So on average it is two and half hours with the first customer then another hour to travel to the next customer. Customers should expect to wait for one hour, if by chance he is the first in line or between 3 and 4 hours on average considering that the technician would move from point A to B in one hour and would need about one and half hours to fix a problem before proceeding to the next customer. Generally 4 hours is the maximum waiting time for each client assuming that the technician would need to attend to first c ustomers in line. OEI is satisfied that one technician can service the 10 customers without much hassles. The probability that no customer is in the system can be derived from adding the total number of hours that would be spent on each customer. Given that on average he spends 3 hours per customer, and a customer calls at least once in 50 hours of operation, then it would mean that after the technician has worked for 30 hours, there no longer would be any customer in the system given that he would have attended to all of them within one specified 50 hour time frame. The average number of customers waiting can be derived by subtracting the number of customers that would already have been attended to from the total number of customers which is 10 within a specified time range of 50 hours considering that each client calls once during that particular time. Another method may be to subtract the total number of hours already worked by the

Biological molecules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biological molecules - Essay Example The two strands of the helix run in opposite directions (1 "up" and 1 "down"). The inner edges of the helices are formed by the nitrogenous bases and they run in pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds and cytosine pairs with guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds (Murray et al, 2007). DNA is present in the chromosomes of most of the living beings. The human genome approximately has 3 billion base pairs of DNA which are arranged in the 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sequence pieces of DNA form genes which carry vital information. The genetic information is achieved by complementary base pairing. Transmission, transcription and translation are the steps involved in transmission of genetic information. Currently, DNA is used in the field of genetic engineering for the treatment of many diseases (Murray et al, 2007). RNA or ribonucleic acid is similar to DNA except that it is single stranded and the sugar present in it is ribose sugar. RNA consists of repeating units of nucleotides which are made up of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar and a phosphate. The pyramidines are guanine and cytosine and the purines are adenine and uracil. RNA is transcribed from DNA by the enzyme called RNA polymerase. There are basically 2 types of RNA: coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a coding RNA. There are many non-coding RNAs. These include ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and others. Functions: mRNA carries information from DNA to the ribosome which is the site of synthesis for proteins. The amino acid sequence in the protein is based on the coding sequence of the mRNA. tRNA and rRNA are involved in the process of translation. Many other non-coding RNAs are involved in RNA processing, gene regulation, catalysis of chemical reactions, cutting and ligation of other RNA molecules, catalysis of peptide bond formation in the ribosomes and other roles (Murray et al, 2007). Carbohydrates Structure: Carbohydrates are organic compounds that are either ketones or aldehydes with many hydroxyl groups added. These hydroxyl groups are added one on each carbon atom that is not a part of either the aldehyde or the ketone group. Thus the general formula of a carbohydrate can be designated as (C'H2O)n. Here n is any number greater than 3. There are many carbohydrates like uronic acids and fucose which don't have this formula in their structure. Also, all chemicals which have this structure do not fall into the category of carbohydrates. The basic carbohydrate units are monosaccharides. These are further classified based on the number of carbon atoms, the placement of the carbonyl group and the chiral handedness. Monosaccharides with the carbonyl group aldehyde are known as aldoses, those with carbonyl group ketone are known as ketoses, those with three carbon atoms are known as trioses, those with four are called tetroses, five are called pentoses and six are hexoses. Each carbon atom wi th a hydroxyl group (except the first and last carbon atoms) is assymmetric making them stereocenters with either right-side configuration or left-side configuration. Thus many isomers can exist for any given monosaccharide formula. Glucose, galactose and fructose are monosaccharides. Monosaccharides can link together in many ways to form disaccharides and poly- saccharides. One or

Gods Existence and Aquinas Objection Essay Example for Free

Gods Existence and Aquinas Objection Essay I was in the debate team in high school. And there were times that our team would take the against side of the statement. In his famous work Prologion, written in 1077-1078, Anselm presents the idea the God exists because God is the greatest thing of all, that the idea of thinking of God exists prove its existence. Hundred of years later, Thomas Aquinas brings up the account that addresses Anselms idea in objection 2 of Question II, First Article of Summa Theologica. Aquinas objects Anselms argument later in his work by attacking the idea that God is something that can be thought greater. To understand Anselms argument for Gods existence, one must first understand the principles that forms the argument. The first principle is the claim that â€Å"nothing greater can be thought. † There is too types of existing, existing in understanding (existing0) and existing in reality (existing1). Then, we try to think of something is existing1. Anselm let â€Å"something† be â€Å"something than which nothing greater can be thought (NGT),† or in another word â€Å"a being than which nothing greater can be conceived† according to the Proslogion. The very first act of thinking that something is existing1 serves as the basis of it existing0. Because in the process of trying to think of something greater, we already establish its existence0. For example, there is a flower A, existing1. This flower A is the most beautiful flower, that this flower is a NGT. In order to prove this flower is NGT, one has to think of all the flower he has seen, flower B, C, or D. In the process of searching through ones mind trying to think of a flower that is more beautiful than flower A, flower A already exists in ones mind, which is existing0. To open his argument, Anselm then said an example of NGT is God. The second principle is the principle of â€Å"thinking of non-existing objects (Principle E). † Anselm uses the example of a painter conceiving the drawing he will paint, then executing his plan in mind to make the painting exists in reality. To breakdown his argument, lets begin with something that exists0. Because one has the ability to imagine that something exists0, one can also imagine that the same thing exists1. This priniciple is the most uncontroversial because it is just a matter of imagination. The fact that one has imagination allows him to imagine whatever he wants. For example, one imagines he won the lottery and has a million dollars. It is safe to say that one can proceed to think of that million dollars is existing1, regardless of if the million dollars truly exists1. Applying Principle E back to the argument of NGT, if one can imagine NGT in existence0, one can also go ahead and imagine NGT existing1. The third principle is â€Å"thinking something greater than something (Principle G). This principle compares the greatness of existing0 and existing1. Anselm proposes that â€Å"greatness† has two faces: qualitatively and existentially. To further support his argument, Anselm implies that greatness qualitatively means everything positive, such as, more beautiful, more knowledgeable, more influential, etc. Base on this assumption, Anselm argues that, â€Å"Suppose it exists in the understanding alone: then it can be conceived to exist in reality; which is greater. † To apply this principle in daily life, one can relate to a million dollars example above. One can imagine having a million dollars in his mind, but that million dollars doesnt exist1. In another case, one owns a millions dollars, which means that million dollars exists1. The rhetorical question here will be, which case is more appealing to you, which scenario is â€Å"greater? † Back to Anselms claim, the â€Å"it† in his argument is, of course, NGT, which is God. That God exists1 is better than God only exists0 but not exists1. The next principle returns to the basic meaning of NGT. Principle N presents the idea â€Å"if something can be thought to be greater than x, then x is not an NGT. † Assume something is an NGT, nothing greater can be thought. If there is another thing that is greater then it. This â€Å"something† is no longer an NGT. This principle is pretty self-explanatory. To put it in everyday examples, imagine the beautiful flower A is the most beautiful flower in the whole wide world. However, one found another flower more beautiful than A. Now A is no longer an NGT, regardless in existence0 or existence1. Now substitute God in for NGT in the equation. Because Anselm already claimed that God is an NGT, if one can think of something greater than God, God is no longer an NGT. According to the Proslogion, â€Å"God cannot be conceived not to exist. God is that, than which nothing greater can be conceived. That which can be conceived not to exist is not God. † The upcoming principles idea bases that of principle E. Principle T simply proposes the idea that â€Å"an NGT can be thought. † Because one has the ability to think of an object either exists0, exists1, or even both, one can also think of NGT existing0, existing1, or both. The idea that one can think of something is very broad and universal, that â€Å"something† can simply be anything. The final piece of Anselms argument is Principle M. This principle presents the very vague idea that â€Å"if something must be thought as existing1, then it exists1. † If one must think of a flower exists1, then that flower does exist1. Now that all principles Anselm needed to support his argument that God exists are gathered, he begins his argument with a â€Å"fool (thinker)† that â€Å"understands [God] is in his understanding; although he does not understand it to exist. † To fully understand this argument, one has to accept Anselms assumption that God, indeed, is an NGT. The argument that the thinker has the ability to think of NGT existing1 is based on Principle E that if one can think of an object then he can think of it existing1. The idea of thinking NGT exists1 is â€Å"greater† than the idea of thinking NGT exists0 but doesnt exist1 (Principle G); therefore, one can think of something greater than the NGT that exists0 but not in reality. However, this violates the basic meaning of an NGT (Principle N), nothing greater can be thought. So the idea that one can think of something greater than the NGT that exists0 but not in reality is contradictory to the fundamental element of an NGT. Which comes to the agreement that if one think of an NGT it is to be existing1. The conclusion implies the principle that one can thought of NGT exists1 (Principle T). Also, one can and must only think of an NGT exists1. This lead to the final conclusion. If one has no choice but think of something exists1, that something must be existing1 (Principle M). Therefore, an NGT, God, exists. Aquinas gives an condensed version account of Anselms argument in Summa Theologica. In objection 2 of question II, â€Å"Whether the existence of God is self-evident? †, Aquinas addresses the idea much abruptly. He first implies that Anselms idea of God is an NGT is equivalent to saying â€Å"things are said to be self-evident which are known as soon as the terms are known,† that the significant of the word â€Å"God† is nothing better can be conceived. He follows the account by stating that the word â€Å"God† â€Å"exists actually and mentally is greater than that which exists only mentally. † Therefore, if the word â€Å"God† is understood mentally it has to be understood to exist actually. Both Anselms argument of Aquinass account of it come to the same conclusion that God exists, that the thought of it existing lead to its real existence. Aquinas objects Anselms idea by stating that not everyone understands the word â€Å"God† will agree that it is an NGT. He follows his objection by stating: Yet, granted that everyone understands that by this name God is signified something than which nothing greater can be thought, nevertheless, it does not therefore follow that he understands that what the name signifies exists actually, but only that it exists mentally. Aquinass main objection is that the idea of NGT can be interpreted that it can only exists mentally. However, for Anselms argument to work, one has to understand that God can exists in reality; therefore, Aquinas further objects Anselms claim by stating those â€Å"who hold God does not exist† will not admit the fact that God is an NGT and it exists in reality. In Anselms defense, he based all his argument on the fact that God is â€Å"a being than which nothing greater can be conceived. † As a true believer of God, Anselm would have simply oppose those who does not believe in God has not fully understand the meaning of â€Å"God†; therefore, they fail to grasp the idea God exists in reality. If one understands God, he will be able to think of Gods existence in mind then agree to think of it in reality. After reading excerpts both from the Proslogion and the Summa Theologica, I am more inclined to support Aquinass claim. Although I do not think Aquinas has successfully destroyed Anselms argument, I think there are more weak links in Anselms argument than that of Aquinass. The most apparent loopholes are Principle M and Principle G. First, Principle M states that if one has to think of something as existing1, then that something has to exists1. However, Anselm neglects the fact that what one believes exists1 does not has to be true. For example, children were told to believe Santa Claus exists in reality and many of them do believe that idea. The contradiction being what those children â€Å"can and must† think exists1, Santa Claus, does not exists1. Second, the positivity of â€Å"greatness† implied in Principle G is too vague. The concept of greatness of reality is â€Å"better† than that of in mind can be subjective. Just because one person thinks the existence in reality is greater than existence in mind does not equal others perception of greatness. With doubts in Principle M and Principle G, I think Aquinas has a stronger position compare to Anselm does.

Dust Over The City :: essays research papers

For Love Or Money People inevitably encounter many problematic situations in their lifetime. Some problems may be more serious than others, but the fact remains that it is alsways their choice as to how they will react and whether or not they will "sink or swim." A survivor is aperson who, depite whatever hardships they encounter, will face their problems head on and will not back down. They always do whatever humanly possible overcome these obstaclsand supersede eveyone’s excpectations and sometimes even their own. Such people share common characteristics ; steadfest courage, the ability to adapt and adjust and a perservering attitude. Through Jim and Masdeline Dubois the central characters in Dust Over the City, the author presents such a case as shown through their many ordeals and their reactions to them. This is evident in their encounter with other and Alains patients, their battle with loneliness and the decision to move to the mining town, adjusting to the new city and acc epting the fact with little provisions this is where they must live now. In Andre Langevins novel Dust Over the City the characters Alain and Madeline are the embodiment of two people that are newly wed and the problems that each other face may or may not be normal. Alain and Madeline were a very unhappy married couple and there were many things underlying their true feeling about each other. This is proved when Madeline meets someone. Alain is confronted with this great big beast of a man who works in a bare and owns the restaurant. The only thing Alain could do to survive the marriage and win Madelines live back was to fight back despite the unequal balance and size of strength and the poor odds of winning. When the author writes "The man was the size of a great black bear against this liitle man." This proves Alain love for Madeline was unconditional and leading to great advances. Through this incident we can readily see that this man was truly brave. He stood up, remained calm and the ultimately defeated this enormous man where he could have easily chose to give up and he would of most likely been slaughtered. It was his bravery that allowed him to survive. Also this married couple was being torn apart by the wife Madeline. She had moved with Alain to this new city and Alain a succesful doctor, may not have the greatest looks or a muscular body but he loves Madeline more than anything in the world.

Realism and Liberalism Essay

Realism and Liberalism are two major and dominant theories in global politics. They both have contrasting ideas when dealing with how states should relate to each other. Realism is a conservative and pessimistic theory which states predicts and will act on their national interest regardless of morals. This belief results from people who are selfish and competitive. Realism is a perspective that is dominated by cynicism. Realists place each state in the position of closely observing the actions of their neighbors to resolve problems effectively without regarding moral concerns. Realists only want to maintain their own security. They always want enough power so they can be strong enough to withstand attacks. They believe that the international system is inherently anarchical and cannot really be made peaceful except through power. Realists also do not believe in democratization. Realists also believe that countries will pursue power regardless of being democratic. They believe countrie s will fight for their interests even if they and their opponents are both democracies. Realists claim that only powerful states are true and key actors in international politics. Liberalism is progressive and optimistic. They emphasize that the broad ties among states have both made it difficult to define national interest and decreased the usefulness of military power. Liberals believe that the international system can be manipulated to make peace. Liberals believe in organization like the United Nations. They believe that institutions like that allow various countries to interact in a variety of ways and will lead to less conflict between countries. They also believe in democratizations. They believe that democratic countries will not fight one another. They also believe in non-state actors and their importance. They tend to pay attention to individual leaders and also they give way to non-governmental organizations. Liberals believe military power is not the only form of power. Economic and social power matter a great deal too. Exercising economic power has proven more effective than exercising military power. These theories remind me of a documentary that I watched about Kofi Annan and the theory that he valued. I believe that there is a difference between force and diplomacy. After watching the documentary, I came to a conclusion based on the lectures that Kofi Annan is a liberal. I’m saying this because in the documentary, he states that he speaks for the poor, weak and the voiceless. He explains that he does not have power or any military resources. I also understand that, his influence is based on persuasion and morals but not because he’s the Secretary General. Discussing the September 11th disaster (after), he made it very clear that the United Nations interference was not to side with one team but to create unity amongst all nations. Thus, this eradicates the realist point of view. He stated that the security of every nation was one of the United Nations goals. I think that no other organization can take this job since it’s a very difficult task and it needs a fair and firm leader who will not be bias, or work because of a personal interest. In the documentary, an example on Sesame Street was used to demonstrate how to instill peace amongst individuals, which explained further that its not always about talking or persuasion but it’s the understanding and love that is expressed for one another. From both theories I think it depends on what the person values the most. It’s either their self-interest or the interest of all. For example, Kofi Annan’s documentary made me understand. Bibliography Kofi Annan â€Å" Center of the Storm† PBS

Assess the sociological explanation of science and ideology of belief system? Essay

Sociologists argue that science and ideology can both be belief systems. In the 18th century was the era of the enlightenment. People started to think and question was there more than just a God and that’s where science was introduced. People started to use rational ways of thinking to explain things that happened. Science has been used to develop different parts in society such as medicine and technology that we use in everyday life. But it has also caused problems such as pollution and global warming. Science has cognitive power, it can allow us to explain, predict and control the world. According to Popper science is an open belief system where every scientist’s theories are open to scrutiny, criticised and tested by others. He says that science is governed by the principle of falsificationism. This is whereby scientists set out to try and falsify existing theories, deliberately seeking evidence that would disprove them. Such as the fact that the big bang is a theory that everyone accepts but there is much more that scientists do not know and more needed to be found therefore it could be false. It argues that there always can be more and more evidence for every theory that has ever been made and proven. Then when disproving these knowledge claims allows scientific world to grow. It is cumulative, whereby it builds on achievements of previous scientists. This explanation shows that science can be a belief system as nothing can ever be proven 100% as there will always be something or someone that will disprove a theory with other evidence and therefore people belief what they have been told. This is much like religion in a way by the fact that religion cannot be proven it is something that people belief in. If popper is correct then it still leaves the question of why science has grown over the last few centuries. Merton argues that science can only thrive as a major social institution if it receives support from other institutions and values. He argues that this occurred in England as a result of the values and attitudes created by the protestant reformation especially Puritanism. The beliefs that they had to study nature led appreciation of God’s works, encouraged them to experiment. They stressed social welfare and were attracted to the fact that science could produce technological inventions to improve the conditions of life. Like Popper, Merton argues that science as an institution or organised social activity needs ethos that make scientists work in a way that serves the goal of increasing scientific knowledge. He identifies four such norms,  communism because scientific knowledge is not private property and they must share their findings with the scientific community. Universalism, the truth or falsity of scientific knowledge is judged by universal, objective criteria and not by the particular race or sex of the scientist who produces it. Disinterestedness, the means being committed to discovering knowledge for its own sake by publishing their findings for others to check their claims. Organised scepticism, the fact that no knowledge clam is sacred. Every idea is open to questioning, criticism and objective investigation. By contrast despite Popper’s view of science as an open and critical, some others argue that science itself can be seen as a self-sustaining or closed system of beliefs. For example, Polanyi argues that all belief systems reject fundamental challenges to their knowledge claims; science is no different, as the case of Dr Velikovsky indicates. One example for scientist’s refusal even to consider such challenges comes from a historian of science. Kuhn argues that a mature science such as geology, biology or physics is based on a set of shared assumptions that he calls a paradigm. This tells the scientist what reality is like, the problems to study, and what methods and equipment to use. Scientific education and training is a process of being socialised into faith in the truth of the paradigm, and a successful career depends on working within paradigms. For these reasons, any scientist who challenges the fundamental assumptions of the paradigms. Others in the scientific community will no longer regard him or her as a scientist at all. The only exceptions to this are during one of the rare periods that Kuhn describes as a scientific revolution, when faith in the truth of the paradigm has already been undermined by an accumulation of anomalies, the results that the paradigm cannot account for. Only then do scientists become open to radically new values. Interpretivist sociologists have developed Kuhn’s ideas further. They argue that all knowledge including scientific knowledge is socially constructed. That is rather than being objective truth; it is created by social groups using the resources available to them. In this case of science, scientific fact- those things that scientists take to be true and real are the product of shared theories or paradigms that tell them what they should expect to see, and of the particular instruments they use. Therefore Karin Knorr- Cetina argues that the invention of new instruments, such as telescopes or microscopes, permits  scientists to make mew observations and construct or fabricate new facts. Similarly she points out that what scientists study in the laboratory is highly constructed and far removed from the natural world that they are supposedly studying. According to the ethnomethodologist Woolgar, scientists are engaged in the same process of making sense or interpreting the world as everyone else. With the evidence from experiments they have to decide what it means. They do so by devising and applying theories or explanations, but they then have to persuade others to accept their interpretations. An example of this is in the case of the discovery of pulsar. The scientist’s initially annotated the patterns shown on their printouts from the radio telescope as LGM1. Recognising that this was an unacceptable interpretation from the view point of the scientific community they eventually settled on the notion that the patterns represented the signals from a type of star which is unknown to science. There is still a debate about what the signals really meant. As Woolgar notes a scientific fact is simply a social construction or belief that scientists are able to persuade their colleagues to share. This therefore shows that science can be a believe system as science is socially constructed and people believe in what they are told even if it true or not. There are also other critical perspectives such as Marxism and feminism which see scientific knowledge as far from pure truth. Instead they regard it as serving the interests of dominant groups, the ruling class in the case of Marxists and men for feminists. Therefore many advances in supposedly pure science have been driven by the need of capitalism for certain types of knowledge. For example biological ideas have been used to justify both male domination and colonial expansion. In this respect science can be seen as a form of ideology. In a different sense postmodernists also reject the knowledge claim of science to have the truth. In the view of Lyotard for example science is one of a number of Meta narratives that falsely claims to possess the truth. In Lyotard’s view science falsely claims to offer the truth about how the world works as a means of progress to a better society, whereas in reality he argues science is just one more one way of thinking that is used to dominate people. Sociologists have come up with a definition for ideology which is a worldview or a set of ideas and values, which is basically a belief system. Although ideology is used in many ways these are a distorted, false or  mistaken ideas about the work, ideas that conceal the interests of a particular groups, ideas that prevent changes by misleading people, and a self- sustaining belief system that is irrational and closed to criticism. here are a number of theories of ideology one of which is Marxists that see society as divided into two opposed classes, them that own the means of production and control the state, and a majority working class who are property less and therefore forced to sell their labour to the capitalist. They see the ruling class to not only control the means of production but ideas through institutions. In a result it produces the ruling class ideology, ideas that legitimate or justify the status quo. The dominant ideas are them or the ruling class and they function to prevent change by creating a false consciousness among workers. However despite these ideological barriers, Marx believes that ultimately the working class will develop a true class consciousness and unite the overthrow capitalism. This shows that ideology is a belief system as in Marxism’s case it uses the ruling class believes to stop the poor from becoming successful. Feminists see gender inequality as the fundamental division and patriarchal ideology as playing a key role in legitimating it. Because a gender difference is a feature of all societies there exists many different ideologies to justify it. For example how ideas from science have been used to justify excluding women from education. In addition to patriarchal ideologies is science, those embodied in religious beliefs and practices have also been used to define women as inferior. This also shows that ideology can be a belief system in terms of beliefs and ideas about women and how inferior they are to men. Mannheim sees all belief systems as a partial or sided view worldview. Their one sidedness results from being the viewpoint of one particular group or class and its interests. This leads him to distinguish between to board types of belief system or worldview. They are ideological thought which justifies keeping things as they are and utopian thought which justifies social change. Mannheim sees these worldviews as creations of groups of intellectuals who attach themselves to particular classes or social groups. However because these intellectuals represent the interests of particular groups and not society as a whole they only produce partial views of reality. The belief system of each class or group only gives us a partial truth about the world. In conclusion there is evidence to show  that both science and ideology can be a belief system. This is shown by using things such as science as an open and close belief system. The fact that science can never be objective because theories and experiments are carried out by humans which have feelings and therefore subjective. Science also seen as being socially constructed. The fact that Marxists and feminists see science also as a belief system that serves the interests of dominant groups. The idea that ideology is a belief system is seen as true as this is how sociologists define ideology.

Free Essays on Marketing Concept And Marketing Segmentation Case Study

INTRODUCTION Je Voudrais will be the pioneers in the market for creating distinctive and indulgent taste experiences by marketing to an untapped segment - the adult soft drink consumers. The Je Voudrais brand will quickly developed a loyal following. Its early success was created by word of mouth and praise. Without the benefit of advertising the story of an incredibly rich and healthy drink spread rapidly. At first, it was only available at gourmet shops but soon distribution expanded. Since then, it has become a global phenomenon. Soft Drink lovers the world over now recognize the unique Je Voudrais logo as synonymous with the ultimate super-premium soft drink. However, for the company to reach where it is today, a sincere marketing effort was undertaken from its early days to understand customers and their needs. Since the beginning, Je Voudrais has kept a keen focus on developing an internal Developing the brand with an attached history of perfection and luxury Using the finest ingredients to deliver product excellence Invested in consumer research to understand tastes and preferences of customers Used selective distribution and did not mass market until the minimum critical mass of opinion leaders were established Did not change their objectives in between Used creativity and innovativeness to support brand identity FOCUS ON CUSTOMER NEEDS Je Voudrais continuously researches its market because this is exactly what got them into the business in the first place. Effective marketing is based on three key elements, the marketing philosophy, market segmentation and consumer behaviour. Je Voudrais has been noted to practise the consumer-driven philosophy whereby they rely on research to discover consumer preferences, desires and needs before produc... Free Essays on Marketing Concept And Marketing Segmentation Case Study Free Essays on Marketing Concept And Marketing Segmentation Case Study INTRODUCTION Je Voudrais will be the pioneers in the market for creating distinctive and indulgent taste experiences by marketing to an untapped segment - the adult soft drink consumers. The Je Voudrais brand will quickly developed a loyal following. Its early success was created by word of mouth and praise. Without the benefit of advertising the story of an incredibly rich and healthy drink spread rapidly. At first, it was only available at gourmet shops but soon distribution expanded. Since then, it has become a global phenomenon. Soft Drink lovers the world over now recognize the unique Je Voudrais logo as synonymous with the ultimate super-premium soft drink. However, for the company to reach where it is today, a sincere marketing effort was undertaken from its early days to understand customers and their needs. Since the beginning, Je Voudrais has kept a keen focus on developing an internal Developing the brand with an attached history of perfection and luxury Using the finest ingredients to deliver product excellence Invested in consumer research to understand tastes and preferences of customers Used selective distribution and did not mass market until the minimum critical mass of opinion leaders were established Did not change their objectives in between Used creativity and innovativeness to support brand identity FOCUS ON CUSTOMER NEEDS Je Voudrais continuously researches its market because this is exactly what got them into the business in the first place. Effective marketing is based on three key elements, the marketing philosophy, market segmentation and consumer behaviour. Je Voudrais has been noted to practise the consumer-driven philosophy whereby they rely on research to discover consumer preferences, desires and needs before produc...

Inspiring Real-Life Stories to Cover in Your GCSE English Coursework

Inspiring Real-Life Stories to Cover in Your GCSE English Coursework Inspiring Real-Life Stories to Cover in Your GCSE English Coursework We understand that GSCE English coursework is not one of your favourite tasks because it requires a lot of energy, hours and mind work. However, it is one of those assignments that you hesitate to approach, but get deeply involved in after plunging into it. The reason for it is that the task challenges you to appeal to the readers emotionally which is not that easy when you have no idea who will go through your essay. It’s also cumbersome because you have to demonstrate your potential as a writer as well as show the level of your English language knowledge. If you feel at loss as you have no idea what you can write about in this coursework, have a look at our inspiring stories of real people that will help you find that emotional spot. And after that you’ll worry about grammar, punctuation and style because it’s always easier to edit the existing piece than creating it from scratch. Susan Boyle Susan Boyle comes from Scotland. She has been dreaming to become a great singer for her whole life, but only at the age of 47 got she an opportunity to show her voice to the wide public. Participating in Britain’s Got Talent she sang â€Å"I Dreamed a Dream† and impressed the audience, becoming popular shortly after it. During the show she said that her favourite singer and idol was Elaine Paige. In 2009 Susan performed with her in a duet. Team Hoyte Team Hoyte consists of 2 people: a father – Richard Eugene Hoyte – and a son – Richard Eugene Hoyte Jr. Richard Jr. was born with cerebral palsy, and as a result he can’t move properly. One day he asked his father to participate in a beneficial run for a boy who became paralyzed. After that his father started to exercise and eventually ran that race with his son. Through the years they took part in marathons, Iron man competitions together with Richard the Father carrying, pulling and riding Richard Jr. Tricia Seaman A single mother with an 8 year old son was diagnosed with a liver cancer. She didn’t have any family to take care of her child, and while being at the hospital she asked an oncology nurse, Tricia Seaman, to adopt the boy after her death. And Tricia Seaman did it after knowing the woman only for 10 days. Bethany Hamilton A surfing prodigy, Bethany Hamilton, lost her arm due to the shark attack when she was 13. Now she is a 26 year old woman who won a surfing competition with a six-time world champion (who is not disabled by the way). Bethany doesn’t pay attention to the fact that she has only one arm and doesn’t cut herself any slack. These stories are very inspiring and motivating just take a moment and feel how you react to such incredible facts! We perfectly understand that you may not have been in such dramatic situations, but you get the idea what gets people’s emotions going. Choose some event from your life (or even make it up) that posed a challenge for you. Describe how you overcame it and voila! After all, if you need  GCSE English Coursework writing assistance from experts, visit this page.

Peer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer review - Essay Example on which are; the skin-to-skin attachment between mother and child after birth is essential for bonding and what is the effect of delayed skin-to-skin contact for up to one hour? respectively. To these extents both thesis and question are addressed adequately. However, a more likely research question not brought out though slightly discussed is, â€Å"what are the long-term effects of immediate skin-to-skin contact when compared to delayed skin-to-skin contact? 2) Are the links between the concepts and examples in the research articles clearly made? If not, list here some issues that were left out or some important examples from the article that were left out. Yes, the writer has clearly made the links between the concepts and examples in the research article. A clear point of reference is when the writer mentions that, effective mother and child skin-to-skin attachment leads to proper bonding, and then correlates the same with a question that asks the contrary effect supposing there is no attachment for a period more than one hour. The writer also expresses that early skin-to-skin attachment affects emotional attachment of the baby to the mother including breastfeeding, physiological and neurobehavioral responses for up to one year. However, a great concern is expressed that too much concentration is made on the bonding rather than on the baby’s health should be checked hence the question, â€Å"How is the optimal bonding experience obtained?† the writer should have elaborated more on this topic to enhance the readers’ perception and clear understanding of this concept. This could have been achieved through the use o f an appropriate question as illustrated above. 3) Does the writer use research terminology appropriately and correctly? If so, give some examples of good uses. If not, put an asterisk (*) in the margin where the vocabulary should be more clear and specific. The writer does truly make good use of the research terminologies appropriately and

Article Summary The Promise of Placebo Power Essay

Article Summary The Promise of Placebo Power - Essay Example Basing on the study of Finniss, Benedetti and colleagues, the scholar argues that there are different placebo effects depending on the context. To illustrate, Benedetti and his colleagues have found that when an opioid is replaced by a placebo, the body compensates the shortage by using its own internal opioids. However, when a non-steroidal drug is replaced by a placebo, there is still placebo effect even though the body has no internal chemical to replace the same. However, when patients are given only a placebo without the real drug, it is found that they still get relief, but the degree of relief is greatly dependent on the therapeutic context and the person’s expectations. In an experiment, it is found that people who receive injection from doctors get more relief than people who get injection from robots. This clearly indicates the importance of therapeutic context. However, there are various ethical issues in applying placebos, says Kirby. First of all, it is unjustifia ble to give a placebo to any patient and wait for the effect. Instead, it is necessary to develop parallel mechanisms which will ensure enhanced placebo effects. That means it is highly necessary to develop the capability which will enable doctors to identify people who can be treated with less real medicine and more placebo. That will mean reduced side-effects and costs. However, in the opinion of Kirby, how drug companies will accept placebo research remains rather ambiguous. While Finniss expects a warm welcome, Benedetti feels that drug companies will hate placebo responders as they can adversely affect the quality of clinical trials. In total, according to Kirby, placebo effect is real and multifaceted. The medical field needs to grow further to utilize the positive side of placebo effect. Analysis The article ‘The Promise of Placebo Power’ by Tony Kirby is about the study of the placebo effects by Damian Finniss and his team. The author argues based on the work by Finniss and others that placebos do have an effect. By reporting a number of studies by people like Finniss, Benedetti and Moerman, Kirby makes the claim that placebos manage to simulate an active treatment. Also, there is the claim that there are different placebo effects. It seems that the information provided by the scholar is just a tip of the iceberg. Admittedly, placebo has been a matter of controversy in the medical fraternity for quite some time now, and there are various studies showing contradictory results. However, Kirby has decided to give attention to a few of them to keep the argument watertight. Evidently, Kirby is writing the article for a range of people from various walks of life. This justifies the simplified presentation of the issue. Admittedly, the presentation of the article suits the nature of the intended audience. The article appeared in The Weekend Australian newspaper. Thus, one can say that the intended audience is mainly common people without any spec ialized knowledge on the subject. Evidently, Kirby has started the article with sufficient information about placebos and then goes into the details. This shows that he takes all readers into consideration. It seems that Kirby is heavily dependent on the studies he reports and he does not dare to draw any